Consumer information about the different types of headache and their causes, cures, relief, types (sinus, tension, migraine), and treatments. Get the facts. Fever Definition A fever is any body temperature elevation over 100 °F (37.8 °C). Description A healthy person's body temperature fluctuates between 97. Fever Treatment, Causes & Home Remedies. What are home remedies for a fever? An individual with a fever should be kept comfortable and not overdressed. Overdressing can cause the temperature to rise further. Tepid water (8. 5 F [3. C]) baths or sponge baths are a home remedy that may help bring down a fever. Never immerse a person with a fever in ice water. This is a common misconception. Never sponge a child or an adult with alcohol; the alcohol fumes may be inhaled, causing many problems. Other home remedies for fever include staying hydrated. Drink plenty of water and fluids, and avoid alcohol or caffeinatedbeverages, which can contribute to dehydration. Popsicles can also be cooling and provide fluids while also soothing a sore throat if that is present. A fan to circulate air or an open window may be helpful, as well as applying a cool damp washcloth to the forehead. If you are caring for a child, make sure the child does not feel too cold. When should someone seek medical care for a fever? Are you trying to figure out why your body is aching when you don't have a fever? Here are some ailments that might be causing your condition. Common cold — Comprehensive overview covers symptoms, causes and care of this common infection. Headache: Symptom — Overview covers definition, possible causes of this painful symptom. Moved Permanently. The document has moved here. ![]() A fever over 1. 04 F/4. C in children and adults is considered dangerous. Seek medical attention immediately. Any child below 3 months of age who has a temperature of 1. F (3. 8 C) or greater should be seen by a physician. If a child or adult has a history or diagnosis of cancer, AIDS, or other serious illness, such as heart disease, diabetes, or is taking immunosuppressant drugs, medical care should be sought for a fever. Children with a fever who have signs and symptoms such as rash, sore throat, ear pain, stiff neck, drowsiness, fussiness, or headache should see a doctor. In addition, if a fever lasts more than one day in a child or toddler 2 years of age or under, or last more than three days in a child over age 2, seek medical care. Otherwise, observe the person with the fever. If he or she appears sick or has symptoms that would suggest a major illness, such as meningitis (headache, stiff neck, confusion, problems staying awake), urinary tract infection (shaking chills, back pain, burning with urination), pneumonia (shortness of breath, cough), or any other signs of a serious illness, contact a health- care professional. Other symptoms that may be indicative of a severe illness include repeated vomiting, severe diarrhea, or skin rashes (that could be a sign of dengue fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, strep throat, or chickenpox). Fever blisters (herpangina) are small blisters that turn into ulcers, usually on the lips, mouth, or tongue; a virus causes fever blisters. When a child contracts this virus for the first time, the symptoms and the fever blisters can be quite severe. If the child is not eating or drinking, contact the child's pediatrician. Women who are pregnant should contact a doctor for a fever over 1. F (3. 8 C). A fever during pregnancy that is accompanied by a rash and joint pain could be a sign of an infection that could affect the baby. Some infections, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), can cause congenital deafness and other problems in the baby. If a pregnant woman contracts the Zika virus (also called Zika fever), it may cause a birth defect called microcephaly (small head). On the other hand, if the fever accompanies a simple cold or virus, one can treat the fever as described above and be assured the fever is only a symptom of the illness. This is not to say one should ignore a fever. If there are other associated symptoms that are bothersome, contact a doctor. Some vaccines given in childhood can cause a low- grade fever within a day or two of getting the injection. This fever is usually self- limited and short- lived. If the reaction seems severe or the skin at the injection site is red, hot, and painful, contact the child's doctor. A low percentage of all children and toddlers between 1. Of those with a history of febrile seizure, some will have another seizure associated with another febrile (fever) episode. Febrile seizures, while frightening to the parents, are not associated with long- term nervous- system complications. Children used to be prescribed the antiseizure drug phenobarbital (Solfoton, Luminal) following a febrile seizure as a preventive measure (prophylaxis). This has not been shown to be beneficial and possibly may be harmful, so it is not recommended. Recurrent fever in children (three or more episodes of fever in a six- month period, with no apparent causative illness) can be a symptom of a few different illnesses, such as PFAPA (periodic fever, aphthous ulcers, pharyngitis, and adenopathy) syndrome, cyclic neutropenia, Epstein- Barr virus (EBV) infection, and others. See your child's pediatrician if fevers are recurrent. Recurrent, persistent, or chronic fever in adults may accompany immune- deficient fever of unknown origin (FUO), also known as neutropenic FUO, and HIV- associated FUO, as well as many other infectious conditions. Adults should see their doctors if they develop recurrent fever.
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The New Zealand Health Survey provides information about the health and wellbeing of New Zealanders. The New Zealand Ministry of Health. The Government's principal advisor on health and disability: improving, promoting and protecting the health of all New Zealanders. · Sleep is essential for a person’s health and wellbeing, according to the National Sleep Foundation (NSF). Yet millions of. By subject Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework Adoptions Aged care Alcohol and other drugs Alcohol data sources Cancer Children's. Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults. Abstract. Previous research has identified a wide range of indicators of social isolation that pose health risks, including living alone, having a small social network, infrequent participation in social activities, and feelings of loneliness. However, multiple forms of isolation are rarely studied together, making it difficult to determine which aspects of isolation are most deleterious for health. Using population- based data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, we combine multiple indicators of social isolation into scales assessing social disconnectedness (e. We examine the extent to which social disconnectedness and perceived isolation have distinct associations with physical and mental health among older adults. Results indicate that social disconnectedness and perceived isolation are independently associated with lower levels of self- rated physical health. However, the association between disconnectedness and mental health may operate through the strong relationship between perceived isolation and mental health. We conclude that health researchers need to consider social disconnectedness and perceived isolation simultaneously. Health risks associated with social isolation have been compared in magnitude to the well- known dangers of smoking cigarettes and obesity (House 2. Individuals who lack social connections or report frequent feelings of loneliness tend to suffer higher rates of morbidity and mortality (Brummett et al. Seeman 2. 00. 0; Uchino, Cacioppo, and Kiecolt- Glaser 1. Cohen et al. 1. 99. Pressman et al. 2. Heikkinen and Kauppinen 2. Barnes et al. 2. 00. Wilson et al. 2. 00. Yet, compared to health behaviors such as smoking and obesity, much less is known about how and why social isolation affects health (Cacioppo and Hawkley 2. House, Landis, and Umberson 1. One problem is that most research on social connectedness and health focuses on only one or two measures of social isolation, often due to data limitations (House 2. Across a range of studies, a number of indicators of isolation have been associated with worse health, such as living alone, having a small social network, low participation in social activities, a perceived lack of social support, and feelings of loneliness (Berkman and Syme 1. Dean et al. 1. 99. Hawkley et al. 2. Krause 1. 98. 7; Thoits and Hewitt 2. But when these aspects of social isolation are examined separately, it is difficult to identify the “active ingredient” in social isolation that leads to its deleterious effects on health (House 2. A second problem is that disciplinary differences have led to a disjuncture in research on social isolation and health, with psychological research focusing on subjective aspects of isolation (Cacioppo and Hawkley 2. House et al. 1. 98. ![]() Vaughan Carr Sean Halpin Stigma and discrimination Low Prevalence Disorder Component of the National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing Bulletin 6. As a result, the relative contributions of subjective aspects of isolation, such as loneliness and perceived support, are rarely considered alongside social disconnectedness and social inactivity. This leaves a number of important questions unanswered. For example, does the link between social disconnectedness and health actually reflect the impact of loneliness? ![]() Or do social disconnectedness and feelings of loneliness separately diminish health? This article builds upon the large body of research that has examined the relationship between social isolation and health by considering two forms of isolation at once: social disconnectedness, marked by a lack of social relationships and low levels of participation in social activities, and perceived isolation, defined by loneliness and a perceived lack of social support. We use data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), a population- based survey of 3,0. The breadth of data collected in this study allows the combination of a variety of indicators of isolation into two reliable scales capturing social disconnectedness and perceived isolation. Using these scales, we compare the contributions of social disconnectedness and perceived isolation to physical and mental health. While social isolation has been linked to worse health across all age groups (House et al. The health risks posed by social isolation may be particularly severe for older adults (Cacioppo and Hawkley 2. Tomaka, Thompson, and Palacios 2. Brummett et al. 2. Another reason to examine social disconnectedness and perceived isolation among older adults is the fact that older adults may be uniquely able to optimize social relationships or adjust expectations so that low levels of social connectedness do not precipitate feelings of loneliness or perceived deficits in support (Lang and Carstensen 1. Schnittker 2. 00. If social disconnectedness and perceived isolation are especially decoupled among older adults, then the extent to which social disconnectedness and perceived isolation pose unique risks for physical and mental health should be easily observed within this age group. CONCEPTUALIZING SOCIAL ISOLATIONSocial isolation has been a central concern in research on health, but indicators of isolation vary widely both across and within disciplines. Sociologists interested in family and living arrangements have focused on the negative health effects of living alone (Dean et al. Hughes and Gove 1. Lillard and Waite 1. Ross 1. 99. 5). Social network research has demonstrated health risks associated with having a small social network (Berkman and Syme 1. Seeman et al. 1. 99. Brummett et al. 2. Barefoot et al. 2. Sociologists have also identified low participation in social activities, particularly volunteering and religious attendance, as a health risk (Benjamins 2. Thoits and Hewitt 2. Perceived social support has been linked to physical and mental health by both sociologists and psychologists (Blazer 1. Krause 1. 98. 7; Lin, Ye, and Ensel 1. Finally, a large body of psychological research has demonstrated a robust association between loneliness and worse health, including cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and depression (Cacioppo et al. Hawkley et al. 2. Steptoe et al. 2. The risks associated with social isolation, in one form or another, are clear. However, the variety and complexity of individuals’ social worlds can scarcely be captured with only one or two measures. It is therefore difficult to determine from previous research whether various aspects of social isolation combine or work separately to influence health outcomes. In efforts to consolidate multiple measures of isolation, several authors have previously identified central components of isolation (Gierveld and Hagestad 2. Lin et al. 1. 99. Tilburg et al. 1. For example, van Baarsen et al. Gierveld and Hagestad (2. Following these distinctions, and building from the disciplinary approaches of sociology and psychology, we suggest two forms of social isolation: social disconnectedness and perceived isolation. Social disconnectedness can be characterized by a lack of contact with others. It is indicated by situational factors, like a small social network, infrequent social interaction, and lack of participation in social activities and groups. Perceived isolation, on the other hand, can be characterized by the subjective experience of a shortfall in one's social resources such as companionship and support. Feelings of loneliness and not belonging, for example, indicate a perceived inadequacy of the intimacy or companionship of one's interpersonal relationships compared to the relationships that one would like to have (van Baarsen et al. Distinguishing between social disconnectedness and perceived isolation recognizes an important point about how individuals manage their social lives. For some individuals, the perception of social resources is entirely unrelated to the actual amount of time spent alone. Loneliness is only weakly correlated with social network size and frequency of interaction with network members (Fees, Martin, and Poon 1. Hawkley et al. 2. Hughes et al. 2. 00. In fact, the degree to which one perceives himself as isolated is informed by personality and other individual- level characteristics, such as neuroticism (Stokes 1. Lakey and Cassady 1. Furthermore, some research suggests that just under half of the variation in loneliness across individuals is heritable (Boomsma et al. Therefore, we need to assess both concepts together in order to account for the degree to which perceptions of social resources may not reflect actual social situations. Forms of Social Isolation among Older Adults. Older adults face a number of challenges to remaining socially connected, but recent research indicates great heterogeneity in age- related changes in social connectedness and satisfaction with social life. Life course changes, such as retirement and bereavement, may lead to a loss of social roles (Ferraro 1. Weiss 2. 00. 5), and health problems may limit participation in social activities (Li and Ferraro 2. Thoits and Hewitt 2. However, social participation and volunteering increase with age, partially due to increased free time brought by retirement (Cornwell, Laumann, and Schumm 2. Mutchler, Burr, and Caro 2. Other aspects of social connectedness have nonlinear trajectories with age. Frequency of contact with network members is lowest among the middle- old (Cornwell et al. Carstensen, Isaacowitz, and Charles 1. The variety in age- related trajectories of social relationships means that increasing age does not necessarily bring social isolation. And, social connectedness, support, and loneliness may not be closely linked among older adults. Even when nonkin ties decline, many older adults cultivate closer relationships with those who remain in their networks (Lang and Carstensen 1. Shaw et al. 2. 00. Tilburg et al. 1. Age- related adjustments in expectations may also contribute to older adults’ increasing satisfaction with their relationships despite diminishing network size and frequency of interaction (Schnittker 2. Tripartite model of subjective well- being. The Tripartite model of subjective well- being (SWB) is a theory developed by Diener which describes how people experience the quality of their lives and includes both emotional reactions and cognitive judgments.[1] Psychologists have defined happiness as a combination of life satisfaction and the relative frequency of positive and negative affect. SWB therefore encompasses moods and emotions as well as evaluations of one's satisfaction with general and specific areas of one's life.[2] Concepts encompassed by SWB include positive and negative affect, happiness, and life satisfaction. Positive psychology is particularly concerned with the study of SWB.[3] SWB tends to be stable over time[2] and is strongly related to personality traits.[4] There is evidence that health and SWB may mutually influence each other, as good health tends to be associated with greater happiness,[5] and a number of studies have found that positive emotions and optimism can have a beneficial influence on health.[6]Components[edit]Diener et al. SWB represent distinct constructs that need to be understood separately, even though they are closely related. Hence, SWB may be considered "a general area of scientific interest rather than a single specific construct".[2] Due to the specific focus on the subjective aspects of well- being, definitions of SWB typically exclude objective conditions such as material conditions or health, although these can influence ratings of SWB.[1] Definitions of SWB therefore focus on how a person evaluates his/her own life, including emotional experiences of pleasure versus pain in response to specific events and cognitive evaluations of what a person considers a good life.[3] Components of SWB relating to affect include positive affect (experiencing pleasant emotions and moods) and low negative affect (experiencing unpleasant, distressing emotions and moods), as well as "overall affect" or "hedonic balance", defined as the overall equilibrium between positive and negative affect, and usually measured as the difference between the two.[4] High positive affect and low negative affect are often highly correlated, but not always.[3]There are two components of SWB. One is Affect Balance and the other is Life Satisfaction. An individual's scores on the two measures are summed to produce a total SWB score. In some cases, these scores are kept separate.[7]Affect balance[edit]Affect balance refers to the emotions, moods, and feelings a person has. These can be all positive, all negative, or a combination of both positive and negative.[7] Some research shows also that feelings of reward are separate from positive and negative affect.[8]Life satisfaction[edit]Life satisfaction (global judgments of one's life) and satisfaction with specific life domains (e. SWB.[3] The term "happiness" is also commonly used in regards to SWB and has been defined variously as "satisfaction of desires and goals" (therefore related to life satisfaction), as a "preponderance of positive over negative affect" (therefore related to emotional components of SWB),[1] as "contentment",[9] and as a "consistent, optimistic mood state"[4] and may imply an affective evaluation of one's life as a whole.[1. Life satisfaction can also be known as the "stable" component in one's life.[1] Affective concepts of SWB can be considered in terms of momentary emotional states as well as in terms of longer- term moods and tendencies (i. Life satisfaction and in some research happiness are typically considered over long durations, up to one's lifetime.[4] "Quality of life" has also been studied as a conceptualization of SWB. Although its exact definition varies, it is usually measured as an aggregation of well- being across several life domains and may include both subjective and objective components.[4]Measurement[edit]Life satisfaction and Affect balance are generally measured separately and independently.[1. Life satisfaction is generally measured using a self- report method. A common measurement for life satisfaction is questionnaires. Affect balance is also generally measured using a self- report method. An example of a measurement of Affect balance is PANAS (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule).[1. The issue with the current measurements of life satisfaction and affect balance is that they are self- reports. The problem with self- reports is that the participants may be lying or at least not telling the whole truth on the questionnaires. Participants may be lying or holding back from revealing certain things because they are either embarrassed or they may be filling in what they believe the researcher wants to see in the results. To gain more accurate results, other methods of measurement have been used to determine one’s SWB. Another way to corroborate or confirm that the self- report results are accurate is through informant reports.[1. Informant reports are given to the participant’s closest friends and family and they are asked to fill out either a survey or a form asking about the participants mood, emotions, and overall lifestyle. The participant may write in the self- report that they are very happy, however that participant’s friends and family record that he/she is always depressed. This would obviously be a contradiction in results which would ultimately lead to inaccurate results. Another method of gaining a better understanding of the true results is through ESM, or the Experience Sampling Method.[1. In this measure, participants are given a beeper/pager that will randomly ring throughout the day. Whenever the beeper/pager sounds, the participant will stop what he/she is doing and record the activity they are currently engaged in and their current mood and feelings. Tracking this over a period of a week or a month will give researchers a better understanding of the true emotions, moods, and feelings the participant is experiencing, and how these factors interact with other thoughts and behaviors.[1. A third measurement to ensure validity is the Day Reconstruction Method.[1. In this measure, participants fill out a diary of the previous days’ activities. The participant is then asked to describe each activity and provide a report of how they were feeling, what mood they were experiencing, and any emotions that surfaced. Thus to ensure valid results, a researcher may tend to use self- reports along with another form of measurement mentioned above. Someone with a high level of life satisfaction and a positive affect balance is said to have a high level of SWB.[1. Theories[edit]Theories of the causes of SWB tend to emphasise either top- down or bottom- up influences.[1]Top- down perspective[edit]In the top- down view, global features of personality influence the way a person perceives events. Individuals may therefore have a global tendency to perceive life in a consistently positive or negative manner, depending on their stable personality traits.[1. Top- down theories of SWB suggest that people have a genetic predisposition to be happy or unhappy and this predisposition determines their SWB "setpoint". Set Point theory implies that a person's baseline or equilibrium level of SWB is a consequence of hereditary characteristics and therefore, almost entirely predetermined at birth.[1. Evidence for this genetic predisposition derives from behavior- genetic studies that have found that positive and negative affectivity each have high heritability (4. Numerous twin studies confirm the notion of set point theory, however, they do not rule out the possibility that is it possible for individuals to experience long term changes in SWB.[1. Diener et al. note that heritability studies are limited in that they describe long- term SWB in a sample of people in a modern western society but may not be applicable to more extreme environments that might influence SWB and do not provide absolute indicators of genetic effects. Additionally, heritability estimates are inconsistent across studies. Further evidence for a genetically influenced predisposition to SWB comes from findings that personality has a large influence on long- term SWB. This has led to the dynamic equilibrium model of SWB. This model proposes that personality provides a baseline for emotional responses. External events may move people away from the baseline, sometimes dramatically, but these movements tend to be of limited duration, with most people returning to their baseline eventually.[2]Bottom- up perspective[edit]From a bottom- up perspective, happiness represents an accumulation of happy experiences. Bottom- up influences include external events, and broad situational and demographic factors, including health and marital status. Bottom- up approaches are based on the idea that there are universal basic human needs and that happiness results from their fulfilment. In support of this view, there is evidence that daily pleasurable events are associated with increased positive affect, and daily unpleasant events or hassles are associated with increased negative affect. However, research suggests that external events account for a much smaller proportion of the variance in self- reports of SWB than top- down factors, such as personality.[2] A theory proposed to explain the limited impact of external events on SWB is hedonic adaptation.[3] Based originally on the concept of a "hedonic treadmill", this theory proposes that positive or negative external events temporarily increase or decrease feelings of SWB, but as time passes people tend to become habituated to their circumstances and have a tendency to return to a personal SWB "setpoint" or baseline level. The hedonic treadmill theory originally proposed that most people return to a neutral level of SWB (i. Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults in Mental Health Services. This event has now past, but there may well be news on the event including presentations and quotes from the day at our News pages here, a full list of our forthcoming events is available here. Follow this conference on Twitter #Safeguarding. MH“Safeguarding means protecting people's health, wellbeing and human rights, and enabling them to live free from harm, abuse and neglect. It's fundamental to high- quality health and social care.”Care Quality Commission 2. The aims of personalised safeguarding as outlined by NHS England are: A personalised approach that enables safeguarding to be done with, “not to”, people. Practice that focuses on achieving meaningful improvement to people’s circumstances rather than just on ‘investigation’ and ‘conclusion’To prevent harm and reduce the risk of abuse or neglect to adults with care and support needs. To safeguard individuals in a way that support them in making choices and having control in how they choose to live their lives. To promote an outcomes approach in safeguarding that works for people resulting in the best experience possible. To raise public awareness so that professionals, other staff and communicates as a whole play their part in preventing, identifying and responding to abuse and neglect. This conference focuses on safeguarding vulnerable adults in mental health services. Through national updates and practical case studies the conference will update delegates on making safeguarding personal in mental health services, ensuring compliance with the Care Act, acting and escalating safeguarding concerns, training and educating frontline staff and ensuring effective partnership working. The conference will also include an extended legal update session, a focus on Mental Capacity, Choice and Autonomy in safeguarding, complex safeguarding around self neglect cases and the importance of learning from safeguarding investigations to ensure improvement.“Overall our ratings suggest that care for people with mental health problems is not good enough and needs to be improved…In particular, the safety of patients in NHS trusts remains an area of concern” Care Quality Commission 2. ODD – Oppositional Defiant Disorder. ODD som på norsk kan kalles en trass- lidelse, er. Norge. Symptomene på ODD er mange, og jeg har prøvd å liste. Mister ofte besinnelsen. Krangler og argumenterer ofte med voksne. Trosser aktivt, eller nekter å etterkomme pålegg. Plager eller forulemper ofte andre bevisst. Setter ofte skylden på andre for egne feil eller. Er ofte nærtagende eller blir lett forulempet. Er ofte sint og irritert. Er ofte ondskapsfull eller hevngjerrig. For å få diagnosen må minst fire av diagnosekriteriene. De fleste barna som har denne diagnosen har et lavt selvbilde. Disse barna er gjerne. Det føles. gjerne som at man har dynamitt i huset som kan eksplodere når som. Ca 8. 0% av barna som har ODD har AD/HD også. Grunnen til at noen barn får ODD er ikke kjent, men. Mulighet for at det kan ha noe å gjøre. Mulighet for at man kan være disponert for å. ODD via arvelige gener. Mulighet for at det kan være en feil- tolkning. AD/HD). Mulighet for at det kan være en kjemisk ubalanse. Amerikanske forskere sier at det også kan være. Hva Som Forarsaker Atferdsproblemer Hos Voksne BгёrnODD, og disse. eksemplene er noen av disse underliggende grunnene: Ukonsekvente, ”hårdhendte”. ODD trenger ikke opptre likt i forskjellige personer. De. fleste barn får symptomer i 8- års- alderen eller tidligere, og. Noen barn klarer med hjelp fra sin familie og sine omgivelser. Eller som vi på godt norsk ville sagt det; de vokser det av seg! Det spørsmålet vi som foreldre gjerne sitter. Hva er årsakene til Ringorm hos barn? Oversikt Ringorm er det vanlige navnet gitt til en infeksjon forårsaket av en sopp som. blande mindreårige med voksne. Hva Mat Unngå for voksne med ADHD Disorder. allergier og lidelser som autisme og ADHD har fokusert vår kollektive sinn på. Atferdsproblemer hos voksne med. Hva kan vi gjøre for å hjelpe barnet vårt?? Følgende behandling av ODD har vist seg å være mest effektiv. Gå i terapi! Bruk ”Time out!”. Finne ut hva som forårsaker uroligheter. Snakke om følelser i stedet for å handle. Finne måter å roe ned barnet, og hjelpe. Hva er tegn på Cystisk fibrose hos barn? Tegn på cystisk fibrose kan dukke opp hvor som helst fra barndom til voksen alder, men denne tilstanden er. Stress hos hund – del 4 «Hvordan finne ut om hunden er stresset og hva som er årsaken». Og engasjement så vel hos barn som hos voksne. kere å få atferdsproblemer og feiltilpasninger bå-. like mye som det er be-tydningsfullt for voksne. HVA ER. Sette seg mål, og minne seg selv på dem. Involvere seg i oppgaver og psykiske aktiviteter som. Lære seg å snakke med andre. Utvikle en forutsigbar og fast daglig plan. ![]() ![]() Finne måter å ha det moro og følelsesmessig. Lære å omgås andre. Lære hvordan man unngår å bli for. Lære å takle feil på en fakta- måte. Les også ”1- 2- 3- Magic” på sidene. Foreldretips. Der står også en del tips om hva du som forelder kan gjøre. For tips om rettigheter hos forskjellige instanser, se. Hvorfor urolig, frustrert eller sint? Språk og atferdsvansker sett i et minoritetsspråklig perspektiv. Stadig flere barn som begynner i barnehage, har minoritetsspråklig bakgrunn. De fleste av disse barna tilegner seg det norske språket godt nok til at de senere klarer seg igjennom det norske skolesystemet, men ikke alle. De kan dermed stå i fare for å mislykkes i en stadig mer krevende skolehverdag. Denne artikkelen handler om hvordan barnehagen med tidlig og god språkstimulering kan være med på å forhindre dette. Som følge av regjeringens satsing på full barnehagedekning får stadig flere barn med minoritetsspråklig bakgrunn plass i norske barnehager (Kunnskapsdepartementet, 2. Mange av disse barna sliter språklig og kan av den grunn oppleve frustrasjon fordi de ikke klarer å gjøre seg forstått eller ikke forstår beskjeder som blir gitt. Jeg har selv jobbet som førskolelærer i mange år og har gjennom dette arbeidet møtt mange slike barn. Min erfaring er at mange av dem kan slite, særlig med språkforståelse, og dette vekker bekymring hos meg som pedagog. Barnehagen som system er ofte lagt opp til å gjennomføre mange aktiviteter i en hektisk hverdag, og det kan være vanskelig for personalet å fange opp om et barn sliter språklig. Personalet er ofte bekymret for hvordan barn med ulike vansker vil klare seg når de begynner på skolen. På skolen er rammene rundt barnet ofte helt annerledes enn i barnehagen, gjerne med flere barn og kanskje bare én lærer i et klasserom. I en skolesituasjon forventes det også at barnet skal sitte i ro i lengre perioder av gangen, og barnet kan heller ikke velge de aktivitetene de selv ønsker i samme grad som i barnehagen. Barn som sliter språklig, kan i tillegg utvikle atferdsvansker, men det er viktig å understreke at minoritetsspråklige barn også kan utvikle atferdsvansker uten at de sliter språklig. Det er derfor svært viktig at man finner ut hvorfor barnet sliter med atferd og/eller språk og kartlegger hva som forårsaker dette før man setter inn tiltak. Dette vil jeg komme tilbake til seinere i denne artikkelen. To barn med minoritetsspråklig bakgrunn, to utfall. For å eksemplifisere to ulike tilbud minoritetsspråklige barn kan møte i barnehagen, vil jeg fortelle om Mohammed og Hussein. Dette er barn jeg har møtt gjennom arbeidet mitt som førskolelærer, men navnene og deres videre skolekarrièrer er fiktive. Ut fra erfaring er det imidlertid sannsynlig at ulik vekt på språkstimulering i barnehagen kan føre til ulik mestring av skolehverdagen. Mohammed og Hussein har begge bakgrunn fra Somalia og begynner i barnehage da de er ca. Mohammed går i en barnehage der de satser mye på språk og språkgrupper, mens Hussein begynner i en barnehage som har andre satsingsområder og ikke har fullt så språklig bevisste voksne. Mohammed utvikler et ganske godt språk og klarer overgangen til skolen bra, mens Hussein etter en stund i barnehagen viser en adferd med oppmerksomhetsvansker og frustrasjon. De voksne i barnehagen tenker at dette er en atferd som kanskje vil endre seg så snart han begynner på skolen og får nye rammer rundt seg. Da han begynner på skolen, viser det seg imidlertid tidlig at han ikke har utbytte av vanlig undervisning på grunn av språkvansker. Det blir derfor søkt om spesialpedagogisk hjelp. Kunne dette ha vært unngått om Hussein hadde fått bedre språklig oppfølging i barnehagen? Jeg vil seinere i artikkelen gjøre rede for hvilke tiltak barnehagen satte i gang for Mohammed, og som på denne måten sikret at han hadde med seg en god språklig kompetanse inn i skolen. Fordi Norge har økende innvandring (Statistisk sentralbyrå, 2. Tall fra Statistisk sentralbyrå (ibid.) viser at innvandringen til Norge nesten har doblet seg bare i løpet av de siste 1. Mange innvandrer for å jobbe i landet, mens andre er flyktninger fra blant annet Somalia, Eritrea og Afghanistan. Disse landene har språkkulturer som er ulik den vi selv har. Dette kan gjøre det utfordrende når de skal tilegne seg det norske språket. Begrepet norskfødt med innvandrede foreldre er innført av SSB som en kategori for å omtale deler av befolkningen, og denne benevnelsen erstatter det man tidligere kalte annengenerasjons innvandrer eller etterkommer (Gjervan, Andersen & Bleka, 2. Ifølge statistikken er 3. Til sammenligning er bare 2 prosent av innvandrere under 5 år (Gjervan et al., 2. I Mohammed og Husseins tilfeller er begge norskfødte med innvandrede foreldre, og begge har vært sammen med hjemmeværende mødre og kun snakket morsmålet. Mohammed har en storebror som går på skolen. Min erfaring som førskolelærer er at noen av de minoritetsspråklige foreldrene ofte snakker dårlig eller lite norsk, og dette kan ofte skape misforståelser eller føre til at beskjeder ikke oppfattes. Foreldrene blir da ofte ufrivillige dårlige språkmodeller, selv om de kun ønsker det beste for barnet sitt. Tall viser at ca. Gjervan et al., 2. Disse barna skal derfor lære å snakke to språk, noe som både kan være forvirrende og frustrerende for noen av dem. Atferdsvansker. Begrepet atferdsvansker kan defineres ut fra ulike teoretiske perspektiver og ståsteder. Vanskene bør også tolkes ut fra det miljø og den konteksten de oppstår i. Med det menes at en atferd kan oppleves som problematisk og hemmende i et miljø, men ikke i et annet. I boken Atferdsvansker (Aasen, Nortug, Ertesvåg & Leirvik, 2. Samuel A. Kirk (1. I samme bok definerer pedagogen Harald Rørvik (1. Lisbeth Iglum (2. Noen ganger kan atferdsvansker være personens sunne opprør mot et system som ikke fungerer. Jeg selv ville fått akutte atferdsvansker hvis jeg hver dag på jobben skulle utsettes for oppgaver jeg ikke hadde forutsetninger for å mestre, slik en del barn og unge sannsynligvis opplever skolehverdagen sin». Når det gjaldt Hussein, ble han ofte urolig og virket ukonsentrert, spesielt i samlingsstundene. Han kunne ofte sitte og plukke på tingene rundt seg og forstyrre barnet ved siden av. I lek med andre ble han ofte frustrert og sint, og leken endte ofte med at et av de andre barna begynte å gråte. At barnet blir sint og utagerende ved for eksempel tilsnakk, er også en atferdsvanske som jeg har erfaring med at blir stadig mer vanlig. Drugli (2. 00. 8) påpeker at barn i førskolealderen er inne i en periode i livet der evnen til å få kontroll over følelser og atferd er i ferd med å etableres. Dette vil si at barna lærer seg å regulere sinnet sitt f. Det kan også være at de ikke reagerer fysisk eller verbalt på tilsnakk. I løpet av barnehagedagen kan alle barn til tider vise en vanskelig atferd. En fredelig rollelek kan plutselig snu til en konfliktsituasjon med biting eller slåing fordi noen av deltakerne plutselig blir uenige om noe. Denne adferden kan ofte være et uttrykk for at barnet ikke får det slik det ønsker, frustrasjon over ikke å bli forstått eller at det ikke klarer å tolke lekekodene. Dette preget barnehagehverdagen til Hussein, der han ofte havnet i konflikter og ble fysisk mot de andre barna. Når de voksne snakket til ham, hadde han vanskelig for å forklare hva som hadde skjedd. Sosialisering, tilhørighet og tilbaketrekking. Sosialiseringsprosessen er en viktig prosess i barnets oppvekst. Kvello, 2. 01. 2 s. Den leder ideelt sett til at mennesker blir selvstendige individer (godt regulert) i et sosialt fellesskap der de både påvirker miljøet rundt seg og selv blir påvirket av det samfunnet de lever i. Gode relasjoner til jevnaldrende er viktig for å utvikle et godt selvbilde og føle tilhørighet i en sosial gruppe og å danne vennskap. Et karakteristisk trekk for barn med atferdsvansker, er at det kan virke som om de skjermer seg mot kontakt. De trekker seg unna, og de tør ikke være med på ting der de må utfordre seg selv. Tilbaketrekking kan være en atferdsvanske som kan være vanskelig å oppdage. Her velger barnet ofte å leke for seg selv, og dette kan være et signal som er lett å overse eller misforstå for de voksne. De voksne kan tolke dette som om barnet har en selvvalgt lek eller ønsker en pause fra de andre barna. Denne tilbaketrekningen kan skyldes at barnet føler at det ikke mestrer språket godt nok til å delta i lek med andre, og konsekvensen av dette er at det mister viktig sosialisering og språktilegnelse. Som pedagog ser jeg ofte at språklige utfordringer hos et barn kan påvirke dets sosiale kompetanse. Dette kan føre til at det utvikler liten tilhørighet til resten av barnegruppen. De kan også slite med dårlig tiltro til seg selv. På bakgrunn av dette kan det ofte se ut som disse barna selv velger å isolere seg fra de andre. Det kan også hende at barnet blir utestengt eller mobbet av andre barn i barnegruppen. Barn med språklige utfordringer kan ofte ha en voldsom eller utagerende lekeatferd. Dette kan medføre at barnet ikke blir valgt som lekekamerat eller at det velger eller blir tildelt roller som krever lite eller ikke noe språk. Typiske roller er superhelter som slåss eller herjer, eller de leker hund eller baby.Årsaker til atferdsvansker hos barn med minoritetsspråklig bakgrunn. Raundalen og Schultz (2. Norge. De har derfor ikke selv opplevd krig eller det å være flyktning. Hvis deres foreldre er flyktninger, kan imidlertid de ha opplevd krig og dens grusomheter på kroppen. Dette kan bety at en del av barna med minoritetsspråklig bakgrunn kan ha foreldre som sliter psykisk, og kan derfor ha det vanskelig hjemme med en mor eller far som er uforutsigbar i oppførsel og humør. Dette kan igjen påvirke barnet når det er i barnehagen ved at det selv viser sinne og frustrasjon eller at det blir engstelig og redd når noen blir voldsomme eller høylytte. Det kan være vanskelig for barnehagepersonalet å forstå at årsaken til barnets atferd kan være foreldre som sliter. Barn som selv har opplevd å være på flukt, kan bli traumatisert av det de har opplevd. Traumatiserte barn og unge som møter en norsk hverdag, kjennetegnes ved at de kan ha problemer med å styre og kontrollere følelser og uttrykke dem på en hensiktsmessig måte som er tilpasset tid, sted og situasjon. De kan også lett bli redde og få panikk eller bli kjempesinte av små bagateller. Hva Mat Unngå for voksne med ADHD Disorder. Fernando Så mye oppmerksomhet er betalt til mat i disse dager. ADHD har fokusert vår kollektive sinn på ernæringens rolle i våre liv. Hvis du er en voksen med oppmerksomhet Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), har du allerede kan ha noen ide om hva matvarer påvirker deg, men her er noen generelle ernæringsmessige strategier du kan følge som kan ha en effekt på ADHD symptomer. Mat med tilsetningsstoffer Hvis du har ADHD, nå kan være på tide å komme tilbake til grunnleggende. På 1. 97. 0- tallet, studier av Dr. Benjamin Feingold knyttet tilsetningsstoffer til atferd av det som da het hyperkinesi og nå er kjent som ADD / ADHD. Hans program talsmenn unngå mat med kunstige farger, smaker, søtstoffer og konserveringsmidler, men ikke nødvendigvis unngå "junk" mat. For eksempel, på Feingold diett, du kan snack på Cheetos Natural White Cheddar Puffs, men må du holde deg unna de vanlige kunstig oransje- farget Cheetos. På den annen side, Dr. Wendy Hodsdon, en naturopathic lege i Portland, Ore., Går videre, talsmann for en hel mat diett som understreker hele korn (med unntak av hvete), grønnsaker og økologisk kjøtt og meieriprodukter, og samtidig unngå all behandlet og bevart matvarer. Enkle karbohydrater og raffinert sukker Sertifisert ernæringsfysiolog Marcia Zimmerman mener noen form for sukker har en negativ effekt på ADHD og bør dempes. Se etter sukker gjemmer seg bak andre navn som høy fruktose mais sirup, druesukker og maltose. Unngå kunstige søtstoffer som aspartam (Nutra. Sweet, Equal), sukralose (Splenda), sakkarin (Søt 'N Low) og acesulfam K (Sunett). Hold blodsukkeret konstant - dette er råd av dagens leger og ernæringsfysiologer som behandler en rekke forhold, og det er ikke annerledes for ADHD. Unngå matvarer som forårsaker sukker nivåer å pigge og deretter krasjet: hvitt brød, hvit ris, hvit pasta og juice. Unngå tomme kalorier i brus og snack matvarer som Twinkies eller chips. Bruk sunn fornuft Juryen er fortsatt ute på den nøyaktige sammenhengen mellom ADHD og kosthold. Tilhengere av Feingold diett programmet og andre lignende dietter si sine resultater taler for seg. Andre, slik som Dr. Eugene Arnold, professor emeritus i psykiatri ved Ohio State University, sier at mens mat eliminering dietter kan fungere for små barn med ADHD, de synes ikke å ha en tilsvarende fordel for voksne med ADHD. Poenget er at du bør være fornuftig i kostholdet ditt. Det er allment kjent at å spise for mye sukker, for mange snacks og for mange kalorier er dårlig for deg, om du har ADHD, en annen tilstand eller ingen betingelse i det hele tatt. Etter en sunn diett av hele korn og hele matvarer, med vekt på naturlige ingredienser fremfor kjemiske ingredienser, kan bare være bra for deg og bare kan forbedre dine ADHD symptomer. Should 1. 2- year- old girls be charged as adults? Prosecutor familiar with young suspects weighs in. WAUKESHA (WITI) - - A case involving two 1.
Waukesha this weekend is creating controversy. Morgan Geyser and 1. Anissa Weier have been charged in adult court - - but should they be? Sheboygan County District Attorney Joe De. Cecco knows what it's like to prosecute children as adults. Last summer, two Sheboygan County 1. Now, De. Cecco is speaking out on the Waukesha case. Yeah, sorry, but no. Sexual abuse of a child is not a one-off thing, and it’s not a thing that goes away. We don’t actually know if he has never reoffended again. ![]() De. Cecco tells FOX6 News he was hoping he would never have to hear of children so young committing such a heinous crime ever again. Less than a year after his case, involving Antonio Barbeau and Nathan Paape (each sentenced to life in prison in the death of Barbeau's great- grandmother), De. Cecco says he's shocked and saddened by what's happening now in Waukesha. Geyser and Weier are just 1. Waukesha park. With their criminal cases just getting underway - - De. Cecco is reminded of a case in his county."It was kind of a shocker and it brought back memories of what we went through," De. Cecco said. It has been less than a year since De. But by the law, as it now stands. the capacity of doing ill, or contracting guilt, is not so much measured by years and days, as by the strength of the delin-. Learn about Zyvox (Linezolid) may treat, uses, dosage, side effects, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and related medications. Two assumptions are behind recent legislation passed in many U.S. states which make it easier to try juvenile offenders as adults. Young offenders will receive. Cecco worked to prosecute Barbeau and Paape. The boys were 1. 3 when they killed Barbeau's great- grandmother with a hatchet and a hammer for money."The game really changes. It`s the same standards, the same rules - - but changes a little bit when you have younger people," De. Cecco said. De. Cecco says there's extra scrutiny when it comes to suspects so young. Questions are being raised in Waukesha about the 1. Miranda rights and being questioned before their parents arrived. De. Cecco says similar questions were raised in his case as well. He says questioning children is tough - - but law enforcement officials are trained."They are very good about making sure the juveniles in any situation, whether it be in juvenile court or adult court understand," De. Cecco said. In De. Cecco's case, the boys were tried as adults. They are both each serving life sentences - - and may eventually be eligible for parole. De. Cecco says while each case is different, there must be appropriate punishment for disturbing crimes."You don`t look at their Justin Beiber haricuts. You don`t look at their acne. They are not quite older yet. We look at what they did and I think that`s how most prosecutors look at it. What did you do? Not what you look like. What did you do?" De. Cecco said. FOX6 News spoke with the Waukesha County District Attorney on Wednesday, June 4th about the Miranda rights issue. He says the officers who conducted the interviews have experience interviewing young suspects. He says he believes the girls' statements will hold up in court if challenged. When Juveniles Are Tried in Adult Criminal Court. Some cases involving youth offenders are serious enough to be transferred to adult criminal court. Some juvenile cases get transferred to adult criminal court through a process called a "waiver"—when a judge waives the protections that juvenile court provides. Usually, juvenile cases that are subject to waiver involve more serious crimes, or minors who have been in trouble before. Although being tried in adult court gives a juvenile more constitutional protections, it has distinct disadvantages too—including the potential for a more severe sentence and the possibility of serving time in an adult correctional facility. To learn more about juvenile court procedures, see Nolo's article Juvenile Delinquency: What Happens in a Juvenile Case?)Below you'll find an outline of the waiver process, factors the court will consider in deciding whether to transfer a juvenile to adult court, and the pros and cons of trying juveniles in adult court. Juvenile Cases Eligible for Waiver. In most states, a juvenile offender must be at least 1. But, in a number of states, minors as young as 1. And a few states allow children of any age to be tried as adults for certain types of crimes, such as homicide. The current trend among states is to lower the minimum age of eligibility for waiver into adult court. This is due in part to public perception that juvenile crime is on the rise, and offenders are getting younger. Factors that might lead a court to grant a waiver petition and transfer a juvenile case to adult court include: The juvenile is charged with a particularly serious offense. The juvenile has a lengthy juvenile record. The minor is older. Past rehabilitation efforts for the juvenile have been unsuccessful. Youth services would have to work with the juvenile offender for a long time. Waiver Petition Procedures. There are three ways that transfer proceedings can usually begin—the most common is through the prosecutor's request. But the juvenile court judge can also initiate transfer proceedings. And some state laws require that juveniles be tried as adults in certain types of cases, like homicide. To learn more about state laws requiring juveniles to be tried as adults, see the "Automatic Transfer Laws and Reverse Transfer Hearings" section below.)If the prosecutor or judge seeks to transfer the case to adult court, the minor is entitled to a hearing and representation by an attorney. This hearing is called the waiver hearing, fitness hearing, or certification hearing. Usually, the prosecutor must show probable cause that the juvenile actually committed the charged offense. To learn more about probable cause, see Nolo's Criminal Arrests & Interrogations FAQ.)If the prosecutor has established probable cause, the judge must then decide on the minor's chances at rehabilitation as a juvenile. To make this decision, the judge will often hear evidence on the minor's: backgroundjuvenile court record, andwillingness to get treatment in the juvenile system. If the judge transfers the juvenile case to adult criminal court, the case starts there at the beginning—typically with the arraignment (formal, in- court notice of charges against the juvenile). Automatic Transfer Laws and Reverse Transfer Hearings. Some states have "automatic transfer" laws that require juvenile cases to be transferred to adult criminal court if both of the following are true. The offender is a certain age or older (usually 1. The charges involve a serious or violent offense, such as rape or murder. Juveniles subject to an automatic transfer can still request a transfer hearing in juvenile court. During that hearing—called a reverse waiver or reverse transfer hearing—the juvenile (through an attorney) has the burden of convincing the judge to reverse the automatic transfer and allow the juvenile to be tried in juvenile court. Pros and Cons of Transfer to Adult Criminal Court. Usually, juveniles and their attorneys fight to keep a case in juvenile court. But there are also advantages to being tried in adult criminal court. Here are some of the pros and cons for juveniles whose cases are waived to adult court. Advantages of Adult Criminal Court. Sometimes, it can be advantageous for a juvenile to be tried in adult court. Here are some reasons why. Minors have the right to a jury trial in adult court (most states do not provide a right to a jury in juvenile court see—Do juveniles have a right to trial by jury?)Juries in adult court may be more sympathetic to a minor. In some jurisdictions where dockets and jails are crowded, the court may be inclined to dispose of the juvenile's case more quickly and impose a lighter sentence. Disadvantages of Adult Criminal Court. Some of the disadvantages for juveniles in adult court include the following: The juvenile is subject to more severe sentences, including life sentences. According to the U. S. Supreme Court, though, a juvenile has to be beyond hope of rehabilitation in order to get a life- without- parole sentence.)Judges in adult court do not have the wide range of punishment and treatment options that are available to juvenile court judges—such as imposing a curfew or ordering counseling instead of jail time. The juvenile may have to serve time in adult jail or prison, rather than in juvenile detention centers. A conviction in adult criminal court carries more social stigma than a juvenile court judgment does. Adult criminal records are harder to seal than juvenile court records—sealing or "expunging" records makes them unavailable to the public. To learn more about expunging juvenile records, see Nolo's article Sealing Juvenile Court Records). To learn more about the arguments juveniles can make to avoid transfer to adult court and how friends and family can help a juvenile who is in trouble with the law, get The Criminal Law Handbook: Know Your Rights, Survive the System, by Paul Bergman and Sara Berman (Nolo). If you need to consult with an attorney experienced with criminal law and the juvenile justice system, you can turn to Nolo's trusted Lawyer Directory to find a lawyer near you. Facts, Statistics & History | Juvenile Justice | FRONTLINEThere's not been a lot of extensive research into the impact of laws making it easier to try kids as adults. But the studies that do exist indicate that the get tough approach has had little or no effect on the. Moreover. these studies show that trying juveniles in adult criminal court may actually result in higher rates of reoffending. Should the Law Treat Kids and Adults Differently? LANIS WATERS/AFPNathaniel Brazill looks back at his mother after being found guilty When a child kills, does he instantly become an adult? Or does he maintain some trappings of childhood, despite the gravity of his actions? These are the questions plaguing the American legal system today, as the violent acts of juvenile offenders continue to make headlines. Wednesday, 1. 4- year- old Nathaniel Brazill was found guilty of second- degree murder for killing his English teacher last year. The charge usually carries a prison term of up to 3. Brazille's defense team is hopeful the sentencing judge will be more lenient in this case. They have a powerful ally: Jeb Bush. There is a different standard for children," the governor said after Brazill was sentenced. There should be some sensitivity that a 1. In March, another Florida jury sentenced. Lionel Tate, who killed a younger girl while practicing wrestling moves on her, to life in prison without parole. The concurrent Brazill and Tate trials served to heighten the public misconception that juvenile violent crime is on the rise; in fact, recent figures show a precipitous drop over the last five years. Are we seeing a drop because children are thinking more carefully about their crimes, knowing they could receive adult sentences? All but five states allow children of any age charged with murder to be tried as adults. The death penalty generally isn't an option — at least not for defendants under the age of 1. The U. S. Supreme Court has ruled capital punishment unconstitutional for anyone who hasn't celebrated their 1. Some states, however, will consider 1. Or are there other factors? Defense attorneys might offer a different argument: Since the bulk of the drop- off in juvenile crime predates most states' embrace of harsher penalties for young offenders, it is disingenuous to assume any connection between the two. The fundamental question is, are children capable of understanding the consequences of their actions? Maybe not; recent studies suggest that the brain's prefrontal lobe, which some scientists speculate plays a crucial role in inhibiting inappropriate behavior, may not reach full development until age 2. It's unlikely that America's thirst for vengeance will be sated by scientific theory. We are, as a nation, very much in favor of treating child criminals as adults — a recent ABC news poll showed 5. Below, a few of the arguments posited by both sides of the juvenile crime debate. At the end, there is an email address; we invite you to send us your comments. Let us know what you think. Should the U. S. justice system treat juvenile violent offenders as adults? YESThe end result of a heinous crime remains the same, no matter who commits it. Our justice system depends upon holding perpetrators responsible for their actions. Harsh sentencing acts as a deterrent to kids who are considering committing crimes. Trying children as adults has coincided with lower rates of juvenile crimes. Light sentences don't teach kids the lesson they need to learn: If you commit a terrible crime, you will spend a considerable part of your life in jail. Kids today are more sophisticated at a younger age; they understand the implications of violence and how to use violent weapons. It is absurd to argue that a modern child, who sees the effect of violence around him in the news every day, doesn't understand what killing really is. The fact that child killers know how to load and shoot a gun is an indicator that they understand exactly what they're doing. The juvenile prison system can help kids turn their lives around; rehabilitation gives kids a second chance. Successful rehabilitation, many argue, is better for society in the long run than releasing someone who's spent their entire young adult life in general prison population. A young person released from juvenile prison is far less likely to commit a crime than someone coming out of an adult facility. Children don't have the intellectual or moral capacity to understand the consequences of their actions; similarly, they lack the same capacity to be trial defendants. Children shouldn't be able to get deadly weapons in the first place. Adults who provide kids with guns used in violent crimes should be held at least as accountable as the kids themselves. It's remarkably easy to find a seasoned defense lawyer who believes the current system is too vulnerable to racism: Statistically, black juvenile offenders are far more likely to be transferred to adult courts (and serve adult time) than their white peers who've committed comparable crimes. Men for din Dating helt gratis singler sites. Så det er ekstremt vigtigt at tage et kig på online dating-tjenester. Dette vil give de 20 noget. Gratis online dating-tjenester. Gratis online du har en enkelte voksen personlige faaborg midtfyn også klassificere dem, med hvem han eller hun har tiltrukket. Helt Gratis Sex Blodtryksmaling. Søg mere end 20. Kærlighed er det ok at have en ven med fordele kongens lyngby dating-tjenester prolifererende internet match. Det er også blevet så gratis cougar liv dragor. du gerne vil være helt On Line. vil du finde dig selv til en online dating-tjenester vil give. Fling - World's Best Personals. This is not a traditional dating site! 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Prøv en gratis Skoliose behandling og oplev hvordan dine smerter, spændinger mm. forsvinder, samt hvor meget din Skoliose har rettet sig. Ryggsmerter Hva er ryggsmerter? Ryggsmerter er et vidt tema. I denne artikkelen konsentrerer vi oss om korsryggsmerter, som er den vanligste formen for ryggsmerter. Cornelia de Langes syndrom (CdLs) er en sjelden, medfødt tilstand som første gang ble beskrevet i 1849. Fullstendig klinisk presentasjon ble første gang gjort av. Cd. Ls er en medfødt genetisk tilstand med store variasjoner innen alle utviklingsområder. Syndromet innebærer større eller mindre grad av utviklingsforstyrrelse, både mentalt og fysisk, og utfordrende atferd forekommer (1,2). Mangelfull tilvekst, mindre fysiske avvikende trekk, økt behåring (hirsutisme), mangelfull utvikling av armer og/eller ben (dysmeli) og organmisdannelser er vanlig (3,4). De fleste med syndromet beskrives å ha en veksthemning som er til stede allerede ved fødsel (3). Typiske ansiktstrekk er fint buede og ofte helt eller delvis sammenvokste øyenbryn (synophrys), lavt hårfeste i panne og nakke, bueformet munn med nedadgående munnviker, tynne lepper, økt avstand fra overleppe til nese, kort oppstoppernese, bred og/eller flat neserot og lange øyenvipper. Mange har små hender og føtter og i noen tilfeller misdannelse av armer og/eller hender, samt generell økt behåring på hele kroppen (3). Forekomst. En dansk studie fra 1. Søg efter ord med lydlig lighed mellem sidste betonede vokaler. Find stavelsesrim. Børn og unge med muskelsvind kan have risiko for at udvikle rygskævhed – også kaldet skoliose. Dette gælder især børn, der ophører med at gå, før de er. En nyere studie fra 1. Dette tilsvarer 1- 2 nye barn med Cd. Ls i Norge hvert år. Forekomsten er lik for gutter og jenter. Det har blitt oppdaget en mildere variant (fenotype) og samlet kan forekomsten være så høy som 1 per 5. Man har så langt avdekket at feil på fire ulike gen kan forårsake Cornelia de Langes syndrom: Mutasjon (genfeil) knyttet til NIPBL- genet på den korte armen av kromosom 5, nærmere bestemt 5p. Denne genfeilen finnes hos nesten 6. Cd. Ls (9). Mutasjon i SMC1. A- genet på X- kromosomet. Denne mutasjonen er funnet hos ca 5 %. Mutasjoner i SMC3- genet på kromosom 1. Denne er funnet hos ca 1 %. Nylig ble det også funnet en mutasjon i HDAC8- genet (9). Det er fortsatt en betydelig andel der mutasjonen ikke er klarlagt og hvor diagnosen stilles på klinisk grunnlag. Som følge av den genteknologiske utviklingen, vil trolig flere av disse kunne avklares nærmere etter hvert. Arvelighet. Cornelia de Langes syndrom forårsakes nesten alltid av en nyoppstått mutasjon (genfeil) (1. I færre enn 1 % av tilfellene er det funnet genforandring hos en av foreldrene (1. Når mutasjonen først har oppstått, kan tilstanden arves autosomalt dominant eller mer sjeldent kjønnsbundet. At tilstanden nedarves autosomal dominant, vil si at det er tilstrekkelig at en av foreldrene er bærer av mutasjonen for at barnet skal få sykdommen. Dersom personen med Cd. Ls er fertil, vil vedkommende ha 5. Når feilen på arvestoffet oppstår spontant ved dannelsen av enten egg- eller sædcellen, er sjansen for gjentakelse ved senere svangerskap generelt anslått som lav, men likevel noe høyere enn i befolkningen ellers på grunn av muligheten for gonade mosaikk hos en av foreldrene. Genetisk veiledning anbefales. Les mer om genetikk og arvegang på Frambus temasider. Diagnostikk og klassifisering. Per i dag bekreftes 5. Cornelia de Langes syndrom genetisk (1,1. Den kliniske diagnosen stilles på grunnlag av fysiske karakteristika, som er lett gjenkjennelige selv om det er store variasjoner i det kliniske bildet (2,1. Typiske ansiktstrekk ved Cornelia de Langes syndrom er (3,7): Typiske kroppslige karakteristika ved Cornelia de Langes syndrom (3,7): Diagnosen deles i dag inn i to typer: Den klassiske formen er beskrevet å ha uttalte symptomer, betydelig veksthemning, lav fødselsvekt, alvorlig utviklingshemning og i en del tilfeller misdannelser av armene. Den milde formen har høyere fødselsvekt, vanligvis over 2. Ved mild form av tilstanden er utseendet mindre utpreget og barna er ofte to til tre år gamle før de typiske ansiktstrekkene blir tydelige (1. Vekst. Barn med Cornelia de Langes syndrom har oftest lav fødselsvekt. De har veksthemning, med vekt og høyde under 5 percentilen og hodeomkrets under 2 percentilen sett i forhold til alder (1, 3). De har også liten hodeomkrets. Cd. Ls foundation USA har utarbeidet egne vekstkurver for Cd. Ls. Vekstkurver er et godt verktøy for å følge barnets trivsel og fange opp avvik tidlig. Dersom barnet ikke følger den vanlige Cd. Ls vekstkurven, kan dette være en indikasjon på sykdom som må utredes videre. Bildene over viser eksempler på vekstkurver for Cornelia de Langes syndrom. Her finner du samtlige vekstkurver for gutter og jenter. Ernæring. Ernæringsvansker er vanlig hos 3/4 med diagnosen Cornelia de Langes syndrom (3). GØR), leppe- /ganespalte, hovne mandler eller polypper i nesen og/eller vansker med suge- , svelge- eller tyggefunksjonen (3). Forhold som sittestilling, tilpasset konsistens o. Les mer om ernæringsutfordringer, oppfølging og tiltak ved Cd. Ls under menypunktet om ernæring. Munn og tenner. Ganespalte, både åpen og skjult, er beskrevet hos opp til 2. Videre er det vanlig med liten kjeve, små tenner, manglende tenner, trange forhold, høy gane og sent tannfrembrudd. Det er ofte utfordringer knyttet til tannhygienen. Tannhelsekompetansesenteret for sjeldne medisinske tilstander (TAKO) har spesiell kompetanse på tann- og munnhelse hos personer med sjeldne diagnoser og personer med Cornelia de Langes syndrom kan henvises dit fra lokal tannlege, fastlege eller habiliteringstjenesten. Søvn. Søvnproblemer er beskrevet hos 5. Cornelia de Langes syndrom (1. Det er ofte vanskelig å finne noen klar årsak til søvnproblemer og forskjellige faktorer må vurderes. Ettersom GØR forekommer hyppig, er det viktig å utelukke dette som medvirkende årsak. I enkelte tilfeller kan epilepsi kan også være årsak til avbrutt søvn. Epilepsi. Epilepsi forekommer hos ca. Utredning skjer på vanlig måte og behandles med vanlige antiepileptika. Les mer om epilepsi hos helsebiblioteket. Motorisk utvikling. Motorisk utvikling er forsinket hos de fleste med diagnosen. Lav muskelspenning (hypotoni) og overbevegelige (hypermobile) ledd er vanlig. Mange har vanskeligheter med balanse og koordinasjon (1. Gjennomsnittsalder når barna begynner å gå er ca. En studie viste at 4. Basert på en spørreundersøkelse til foreldre til barn med Cd. Ls er det utarbeidet en oversikt over alder for utviklingsmessige milepæler hos barn med diagnosen (1. Les mer om motorikk og fysioterapi ved Cd. Ls under menypunktet om fysioterapi. Skjelett og muskel. Hos barn med Cd. Ls er det beskrevet et spekter av ulike avvik i skjelettet (malformasjoner). Dette kan vise seg som små hender og føtter med korte fingre og tær, og samlet sett forekommer dette hos 9. Misdannelser av armer og/eller hender (dysmeli) er beskrevet hos 2. Andre ortopediske komplikasjoner kan være knyttet til hoftefeil (dysplasi/dislokasjon), skjev rygg (skoliose), stramme akillessener og skjevstilling i stortåens grunnledd (hallux valgus) (1. Sammenvoksning av andre og tredje tå (syndactyli) og skjevstilling (hallux valgus) av stortåens grunnledd forekommer. Enkelte blir også født med klumpfot som korrigeres operativt. Hjertefeil. Mellom 2. Cornelia de Langes syndrom har medfødt hjertefeil. Alle typer hjertefeil kan forekomme, men hull i hjerteskilleveggen (ventrikkelseptumdefekt/VSD og atrieseptumdefekt/ASD) er vanligst (7, 1. Lunge og respirasjon. Personer med Cornelia de Langes syndrom er utsatt for gjentatte infeksjoner i øvre og nedre luftveier, spesielt i de første to til tre leveår. Gastroøsofageal refluks (GØR), det vil si at innhold fra magesekken strømmer tilbake i spiserøret, kan føre til lekkasje over i luftveiene med påfølgende irritasjon og mulig lungebetennelse som følge. Gjentatte infeksjoner i øvre luftveier og lungebetennelser er vanlig hos 2. Misdannelser i mage/tarmsystemet. Cornelia de Langes syndrom er et av de syndromene, som kan være forbundet med mellomgulvsbrokk og misdannelser i tarmene. Mellomgulvsbrokk vil lettere kunne gi GØR. Misdannelser i tarmen, av typen feildreining i tarmen (malrotasjon), kan i alle aldre bidra til tarmslyng. Symptomer fra mage/tarm må derfor alltid tas alvorlig og undersøkes. Les mer om utfordringer ved mage/tarm hos personer med Cd. Ls hos Cd. Ls foundation USA. GØR er den mest fremtredende medisinske tilstanden og den mest hyppige mage- /tarm- lidelsen hos personer med Cd. Ls (1. 9). Når surt mageinnhold blir stående og gli opp og ned i nedre del av spiserøret vil dette skade slimhinnene utenfor magesekken, og gi smerter. Les mer om utredning og behandling av GØR på Frambus temasider. I ulike studier vises det til forekomst av GØR hos 6. GØR forekommer hyppig både ved alvorlig og mild form av Cd. Ls, Mest uttalt finnes GØR ved den alvorlige formen. Les mer om GØR ved Cd. Ls under menypunktet om ernæring. Trang lukkemuskel i magesekkens utløp (pylorus stenose) er også beskrevet (1. Dette kan forsterke GØR- tendensen. Trang lukkemuskel kan også gi kraftige sprutbrekninger på slutten av eller etter måltid, som følge av at magesekken er fylt opp av mat og drikke som ikke kan passere raskt nok gjennom den trange lukkemuskelen og videre til tolvfingertarmen. Behandlingen for pylorus stenose er kirurgisk spaltning av lukkemuskelen. Misdannelser i urogenitalsystemet Tilbakestrømming av urin fra urinblære opp mot nyren (vesikouretral refluks) og misdannelser i nyrene kan forekomme. Ofte kommer ikke testiklene ned av seg selv (kryptorchisme), men må hentes ned kirurgisk. Urinrøret kan munne ut på undersiden av penis (hypospadi). Liten penis forekommer (7). Syn. Synsproblemer er vanlig ved Cornelia de Langes syndrom. Opp til 6. 0 % har synsvansker av type nærsynthet (myopi), men mange vil ikke ha på seg briller. Urolige øyne (nystagmus) er funnet hos 3. Mange med Cd. Ls har trange eller tette tårekanaler og innovervendte øyevipper. Dette kan føre til irritasjon av hornhinnen, gjentatte øyebetennelser og kronisk infeksjon av øyelokkene og forårsake nedsatt syn, smerte og ubehag (1. Hørsel. Litteraturen beskriver at så mange som 8. Cd. Ls har nedsatt hørsel (1,7). Det antydes at 2. Goodban (2. 1), som har studert språk hos personer med Cd. Skin sensitivity to chlorine can present the following symptoms: Skin redness, tenderness, inflammation, and/or itchiness at the site of contact Skin lesions or rash Scales or crust on the skin Hives (urticaria) share some. Corn intolerance symptoms vary, and since corn allergies are not officially recognized in the U.S. through mandatory labeling, they are hard to pinpoint. Corn is in so many processed foods that avoiding it is very difficult. Many people with. Allergy Synonyms Allergic diseases Hives are a common allergic symptom Specialty Allergy and immunology Symptoms Red eyes, itchy rash, runny nose, shortness of breath, swelling, sneezing Types Hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, anaphylaxis. Gluten Intolerance Symptoms & Treatment Methods. What’s the deal with gluten? It’s a type of protein found in grains including wheat, barley and rye. It makes up about 8. Although gluten isn’t actually found in many other ancient grains like oats, quinoa, rice or corn, modern food- processing techniques usually contaminate these foods with gluten since they are processed using the same equipment that wheat is. On top of this, gluten is now used to help make many highly processed chemical additives that are found in packaged foods of all kinds. ![]() Coupled with the fact that manufacturing can lead to cross- contamination, this means trace amounts of gluten often wind up in food products that are seemingly gluten- free — like salad dressings, condiments, deli meats and candy. This makes giving up gluten more challenging than it might initially seem. In the U. S., it’s estimated that grain flours (especially wheat products containing gluten), vegetable oils and added sugar now make up about 7. Considering the fact that quality proteins, healthy fats and vegetables/fruits only play a small part in the average American’s meals, it’s no surprise so many people struggle with health issues and weight control. How Is Gluten Intolerance Different than Celiac Disease? NEWTON Complexes for Adults are specially-formulated combination homeopathic remedies for a wide variety of self-limiting conditions. All remedies are natural and easy-to-use by people and pets of any age. Sprayers or plastic droppers are.Gluten intolerance is different than celiac disease, which is the disorder that’s diagnosed when someone has a true allergy to gluten. Celiac is actually believed to be a rare disease, affecting about 1 percent or less of adults. Some research suggests that for every person diagnosed with celiac disease, another six patients go undiagnosed despite having celiac- related damage to the gut. Symptoms of celiac disease include malnutrition, stunted growth, cancer, severe neurological and psychiatric illness, and even death. However, even when someone tests negative for celiac disease, there’s still a chance he or she can have a gluten intolerance, which poses many risks of its own. For many decades in the Western medical field, the mainstream view of gluten intolerance was that you either have it, or you don’t. In other words, you either test positive for celiac disease and have an allergy to gluten, or you test negative and, therefore, should have no reason to avoid gluten- containing foods. However, today ongoing research studies along with anecdotal evidence (people’s actual experiences) show that gluten intolerance symptoms aren’t so “black and white” after all. We now know that gluten intolerance symptoms fall along a spectrum and having a sensitivity to gluten isn’t necessarily all- or- nothing. ![]() · Nonceliac gluten sensitivity or intolerance may be a medical condition. Symptoms of gluten sensitivity include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, gas, and abdominal cramping. Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and. That means that it’s possible to have gluten intolerance symptoms without having celiac disease. A new term has been given to this type of condition called non- celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). People with NCGS fall somewhere in the middle of the spectrum: They don’t have celiac disease, yet they feel noticeably better when they avoid gluten. The extent to which this is true depends on the exact person, since different people can react negatively to gluten to different degrees. In people with gluten intolerance or NCGS, researchers have found that certain factors usually apply, including: Test negative for celiac disease (using two types of criteria, histopathology and immunoglobulin E, also called Ig. E) despite having similar symptoms. Report experiencing both gastrointestinal and non- gastrointestinal symptoms (for example,leaky gut syndrome, bloating and brain fog)Experience improvements in symptoms when on a gluten- free diet. Common Gluten Intolerance Symptoms. Damage done by gluten- related disorders, including celiac disease and NCGS, go beyond just the gastrointestinal tract. Recent research over the past several decades suggests that gluten intolerance symptoms show up in almost every system within the body: the central nervous system (including the brain), endocrine system, cardiovascular system (including the health of the heart and blood vessels), reproductive system and skeletal system. Because gluten intolerance can lead to autoimmune reactions and increased inflammation levels (the root of most diseases), it’s associated with numerous diseases. But the problem is that many people fail to attribute these symptoms to an undiagnosed food sensitivity. Symptoms of gluten intolerance (or NCGS) are widespread and can include: Digestive and IBS symptoms, including abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, constipation or diarrhea“Brain fog,” difficulty concentrating and trouble remembering information. Frequent headaches. Mood- related changes, including anxiety and increased depression symptoms. Ongoing low energy levels and chronic fatigue syndrome. Muscle and joint pains. Numbness and tingling in the arms and legs. Reproductive problems and infertility. Skin issues, including dermatitis, eczema, rosacea and skin rashes. Nutrient deficiencies, including anemia (iron deficiency)Higher risk for learning disabilities, including autism and ADHDPossibly a higher risk for neurological and psychiatric diseases, including Alzheimer’s, dementia and schizophrenia. How is gluten capable of causing so many different problems? Despite what most people think, gluten intolerance (and celiac disease) is more than just a digestive problem. That’s because research suggests that gluten can actually cause significant changes in the gut microbiota — a big problem considering that our overall health depends heavily on the health of our gut. Gluten intolerance can affect almost every cell, tissue and system in the body since the bacteria that populate the gut help control everything from nutrient absorption and hormone production to metabolic function and cognitive processes. What Causes Gluten Intolerance Symptoms? There are multiple factors that can make people more likely to experience gluten intolerance symptoms: their overall diet and nutrient density, damage to the gut flora, immune status, genetic factors, and hormonal balance can all play a part. The exact way that gluten causes varied symptoms in many people has to do with its effects on the digestive tract and gut first and foremost. Gluten is considered an “antinutrient” and is, therefore, hard to digest for nearly all people, whether they have a gluten intolerance or not. Antinutrients are certain substances naturally present in plant foods, including grains, legumes, nuts and seeds. Plants contain antinutrients as a built- in defense mechanism; they have a biological imperative to survive and reproduce just like humans and animals do. Because plants can’t defend themselves from predators by escaping, they evolved to protect their species by carrying antinutrient “toxins” (which in some cases can actually be beneficial to humans when they have the ability to fight off infections, bacteria or pathogens in the body). Gluten is one type of antinutrient found in grains that has the following effects when eaten by humans: It interferes with normal digestion and can cause bloating, gas, constipation and diarrhea due to its effect on bacteria living in the gut. It can produce damage to the lining of the gut, causing “leaky gut syndrome” and autoimmune reactions in some cases. It binds to certain amino acids (proteins), essential vitamins and minerals, making them unabsorbable. Leaky gut syndrome is tied to gluten intolerance, which is a disorder that develops when tiny opening form in the gut lining and then large proteins and gut microbes leak across the gut barrier. Molecules that are usually kept within the gut are then able to enter the bloodstream and travel throughout the body, where they can provoke a chronic, low- grade inflammatory response. How Many People Have Gluten Intolerance? One criteria that is now being used by medical professionals to diagnose NCGS is found below. A patient usually experiences several of the five symptoms below before being diagnosed: Several typical symptoms of celiac disease (diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain, fatigue, lethargy and malnutrition)Reduced symptoms when following a gluten- free diet. Indications of intestinal damage when the patient has a positive small- intestine biopsy. Elevated antibodies — this can include antibodies to alpha- gliadin (a type of gluten protein) or tissue transglutaminase- 2 (an enzyme found in the gut and other organs)Genetic factors that can predispose the patient to celiac disease. Some estimates suggest that six to 1. That means one in 1. NCGS or gluten intolerance. However, that being said, at this time it’s difficult for researchers to estimate the exact prevalence of gluten intolerances and NCGS because there still isn’t a definitive diagnostic test that’s used or consensus over which symptoms must be present. It’s also hard to diagnose NCGS accurately because many of the symptoms caused by gluten are broad and very similar to symptoms caused by other disorders (like fatigue, body pains and mood changes). There especially seems to be a big overlap between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms and gluten intolerance. Many people with IBS feel better when they follow a gluten- free diet. In people with IBS, gluten might cause symptoms to worsen, but it’s also a possibility that other attributes of wheat besides gluten (like amylase- trypsin inhibitors and low- fermentable, poorly absorbed, short- chain carbohydrates) can lead to poor digestion. Natural Treatment Plan for Gluten Intolerance Symptoms. A. Try an Elimination Diet. Doctors are sometimes hesitant to attribute a patient’s symptoms to gluten intolerance when they can be caused by other disorders, so sometimes the patient needs to take matters into her own hands. Following an elimination diet is really the best way to test your own personal reaction to gluten. The results of an elimination diet help pinpoint which of your symptoms can be attributed to gluten and let you know whether or not it’s time to go gluten- free. An elimination diet involves removing gluten from the diet completely for a period of at least 3. Symptoms of IBSIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms run the gamut of unpleasant intestinal symptoms—diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, gas, and bloating. Yes, these are all symptoms that most people experience at one time or another. It is when they happen to a person on a continual basis that there becomes the possibility that a person has IBS. Common Signs & Symptoms of IBSDoctors make a diagnosis of IBS based on a combination of the presence of episodes of abdominal pain and a marked change in your bowel habits, as well as the lack of clinical evidence of a different digestive disorder. The abdominal pain associated with IBS may be experienced as severe, moderate, or mild. People who have IBS describe their pain with words like spasms, cramping, dull aches, and just general discomfort. Pain may or may not be relieved by a bowel movement. The pain may get worse after eating or when you are under a lot of stress. Problems with bowel movements include: Diarrhea episodes: Diarrhea is the experience of having loose and watery stools. With IBS, these loose stools may present themselves with feelings of urgency and abdominal cramps. You may be fearful of, or actually experience, bathroom accidents. Bowel movements may occur three or more times in a single day. If diarrhea is the primary problem, the diagnosis will be diarrhea- predominant IBS, also known as IBS- D. Constipation episodes: When constipation is present, bowel movements may occur less than three times per week. Constipation may be experienced by having hard, dry, difficult- to- pass stools. Straining is often necessary to pass such stools. In cases in which constipation is the primary problem, the diagnosis will be that of constipation- predominant IBS, or IBS- C. Alternating episodes of diarrhea and constipation. Experiencing these extremes in terms of bowel movement type and frequency may happen over the course of months, weeks, or even in the same day! The diagnosis for this type of IBS is that of alternating- type IBS, or IBS- A. In addition to abdominal pain and symptoms of ongoing bouts of diarrhea and/or constipation, other primary symptoms of IBS include: feeling that you have not completely emptied after a bowel movement (incomplete evacuation)mucus on the stoolexcessive gassiness and flatulence (farting)bloating that may or may not worsen as the day goes on. Less Common Signs & Symptoms of IBSIBS symptoms may start as high up as the stomach, with indigestion. People who have IBS report the experience of a wide variety of symptoms alongside their primary IBS symptoms, some of which are digestive, but not all. Here are some examples of digestive symptoms that may accompany the bowel problems of IBS: excessive belchingfeeling a lump in the throat (globus)heartburn and acid refluxindigestionlessened appetitenausea. Here are some of the non- digestive symptoms that people who have IBS experience more of than a person who doesn't have IBS: pain in other parts of the body: headaches, back pain, muscle achessleep problemsheart palpitationsdizzinessbladder urgencyincreased frequency of the need to urinatefatigueincreased pain associated with menstruationpain during intercourse. Signs & Symptoms of a Different Digestive Disorder. IBS symptoms can be so severe and disruptive that it is common for people who have IBS to worry that they have been misdiagnosed and that their doctor has overlooked a more serious disorder. The following list describes symptoms that are NOT typical of IBS and would warrant further investigation through an immediate consultation with your physician: fever (over 1. MUST be brought to the attention of a qualified physician)significant lack of appetite (that is not explained by a reluctance to eat trigger foods)significant and unexplained weight lossextreme fatigueongoing episodes of vomitinganemiasymptom onset after the age of 5. Diseases and Conditions That Are Similar to IBSThe more common digestive health problems that share some of the same chronic symptoms of IBS include celiac disease (an autoimmune response to eating foods containing gluten), food intolerance (a gastrointestinal response due to malabsorption of certain carbohydrates), the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and colon cancer. IBD and colon cancer both involve the symptom of rectal bleeding—a symptom that is not present in IBS. Your doctor will make sure that you don't have one of these other disorders before making a diagnosis of IBS. When to See Your Doctor. Everyone experiences occasional bouts of diarrhea and constipation. However, if you are experiencing repeated episodes of abdominal pain and your bowel habits have changed dramatically over the past three months, you absolutely should make an appointment with your doctor. Because IBS shares some of the symptoms of other, more serious digestive diseases, it is essential that you see your doctor for an accurate diagnosis. Your doctor will also work with you to develop an optimal treatment plan. If you are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above that are not typical for IBS, you should seek medical attention promptly. A Word From Verywell. IBS symptoms can be quite disruptive and overwhelming. Although there is no single cure for IBS, many people learn to manage the disorder successfully by using a variety of treatment strategies. Here on Verywell, you can learn about available medication options, over- the- counter remedies, and possible dietary modifications that might be of help to you in your quest to get your symptoms under better control. Sources: Minocha A, Adamec C. The Encyclopedia of the Digestive System and Digestive Disorders. Ed.) New York: Facts on File. Wilkins T, Pepitone C, Alex B, Schade R. Diagnosis and Management of IBS in Adults. American Family Physician. Gratis Advergames spill - tilbake til alle Morsomme spill Malet ditt i denne svrt dynamisk fysikk spillet er a bruke magnetisk kraft til a styre magneter og. Hvordan vurderer du ditt eget arbeid? to voksne og et barn, kommer fra høyre og går på. Vi har tenkt til å designe en egen applikasjon som blant annet. Dataspill for barn Spill for voksne Spill sider Spill. program Designer hus Designe eget hus Hus firmaer. Tegne ditt eget hus Bygge om hus. Opprette en utstoppa dyr fra et mønster av ditt eget design kan. Et hus plantegning er vanligvis. Opprette skip lar deg designe den eksakte typen spill. Verden som en fargerik lekeplass På bildene til venstre ser du eksempler på populære spill som paradis og. de andre voksne. bygge ditt eget hus. Mozzaick. com Ha en bakgård basseng pleide å være en umulig drøm for mange mennesker på grunn av bekostning av innkjøp og installasjon av luksus. Med bruk av oppblåsbare bassenger, har den drømmen bli en realitet. Du kan bli fristet av billige og enkle pool- in- a- box pakker tilgjengelig på ditt lokale rabatt butikker, men du kan lure på om en slik oppblåsbar basseng er virkelig en god idé. Det kan være, hvis du er villig til å ta noen forholdsregler. Identifikasjon En oppblåsbar basseng er et praktisk alternativ mellom en rimelig plast plaskebasseng og en permanent i bakken eller over bakken pool. En oppblåsbar basseng har holdbare, myk- plast sider med en oppblåsbar ring rundt toppen for ekstra sikkerhet og komfort. Fylle bassenget med vann fører til at ringen å stige, trekke opp sidene. De fleste oppblåsbare bassenger har en jevn dybde på omtrent tre og en halv meter. De er laget for å bli fylt og venstre opp for en sesong, og å bli tatt ned mellom sesongene. En oppblåsbar basseng krever regelmessig vedlikehold med basseng kjemikalier, rengjøringsutstyr og filtreringssystemer, akkurat som permanente bassenger. Fordeler Oppblåsbare bassenger har flere fordeler sammenlignet med i bakken bassenger eller hard- sided, over bakken bassenger. Den store fordelen er prisen. Lavprisbutikker som Wal- Mart og Target har ofte oppblåsbare bassenger tilgjengelig for så lite som 1. Oppblåsbare bassenger kan koste enda mindre hvis den er kjøpt i løpet av salg eller under off- season. Ikke voksne heller for den saks skyld. Her er det bare å bruke fantasien og designe ditt perfekte lekeapparat. Enten det er ditt eget hjem.![]() Den andre fordelen til en oppblåsbar pool er hvor enkelt det er å få en og sette den opp. Det er ikke nødvendig å gå til en spesialitet butikken - -- kan du være i stand til å plukke opp sammen med din ukentlige dagligvarer. Ta det med hjem og sette den opp selv i en time eller så. Oppblåsbare bassenger er laget for å bli satt opp av de uten erfaring. Bare blåse den øverste ringen, deretter fylle bassenget med vann. Plasten i oppblåsbare bassenger er solid og ikke sannsynlig å lide rips eller hull fra vanlig bruk. Ulemper Hvis du klarer å rive din oppblåsbare basseng, vil du ha en hard tid å fikse det godt nok for fortsatt bruk. Også, mens bassengene er laget for å vare i flere sesonger, vil de slites ut etter hvert. Mange klager over at det er vanskelig å finne et nivå nok område i sine verft for et slikt basseng. Du vil sannsynligvis ha noen dybde forskjell fra den ene siden til den andre fordi selv små klasse variasjoner i et verksted. Hvis bakken er for ujevn, kan overtrykket på den ene side av bassenget få den til å revne. Med en oppblåsbar basseng, er filtertaket lenger under vannflaten enn med permanente bassenger, noe som fører til muligheten av håret bli fanget i filteret og forårsaker en drukning død. Betraktninger Reguleringsplan lover om oppblåsbare bassenger variere mye. Noen byer krever en tillatelse til å sette opp en oppblåsbar basseng, og noen steder er det regler om hvor lenge bassenget kan stå på plass. Et annet spørsmål er om et gjerde er nødvendig rundt en oppblåsbar basseng. De fleste lover krever et gjerde rundt et basseng som er mer enn fire meter dyp, noe som betyr mest oppblåsbare bassenger knirker på under at regulering. Men oppblåsbare bassenger er dypt nok til å rettferdig forsiktighet mot drukning, og mange lokalsamfunn anbefaler et gjerde rundt en oppblåsbare basseng for sikkerhets skyld, selv om det ikke er påkrevet. Advarsel Fordi det er så lett å komme og sette opp en oppblåsbar basseng, mange foreldre tenker på dem som noe nærmere et leketøy plaskebasseng enn en vanlig basseng, og som sådan ignorere sikkerhetsregler. Alltid se barn og kjæledyr rundt bassenget, og lære barna å holde seg borte fra bassenget med mindre en voksen er til stede. Vurdere å installere et gjerde med avkrokingsmekanismen å forebygge ulykker. Også holde tritt med vedlikehold på bassenget for å minimere vannbårne sykdommer, noe som gjør at den kjemiske balansen er riktig og at filteret er i god stand. Sørg for at filteret har en avløpssluk og sjekke det regelmessig for å sikre at det ikke er sprukket eller ødelagt. Klesbutikker på nettet | Klær til kvinner, menn og barn. Her finner du pekere til online butikker som selger klær til kvinner, menn, barn og babyer. Du finner klesbutikker i alle kategorier fra high fashion til vanlige hverdagsklær. Mange butikker har et stort utvalg av merker. Noen har sågar hundrevis av kjente merker. Vi har også listet en del utenlandske klesbutikker som har merker som foreløpig ikke finnes i Norge. Husk at det er litt toll på klær som bestilles fra utlandet(over 2. Men det er uansett i mange tilfelle verdt å bestille, hvis det er akkurat det plagget du vil ha.. Når det gjelder klær finnes det mange butikker på nettet som selger produkter som ikke er ekte. Les vår artikkel om trygg netthandel og handle gjerne fra de butikkene vi har listet. De anser vi som trygge valg. TOPP 1. 0 NETTBUTIKKER FOR HERREKLÆRDu kan tipse oss om butikker i denne kategorien og vi vil se om din favoritt butikk oppfyller våre kriterier om oppføring. FIRMABESKRIVELSELANDNelly. Nordens største klesbutikk på nettet. Stort utvalg til kvinner, menn og barn og mamma. Merkeklær(Over 8. Store tilbud! Stylepit. Stort utvalg av klær og sko for kvinner, menn og barn. Over 8. 00 merkevarer! Gratis frakt. All Saints. Lager vintage- inspirerte plagg som blander kultur, mote og musikk. Komplett kolleksjon av herre- og dameklær. Gratis frakt. ASOSMeget populær fashion kjede i UK. Enormt utvalg. Sender til Norge. Ateliergs. Stort utvalg av mote til damer i alle størrelser og aldre. Kjøp på prøve. AX Paris. Gir deg ekte catwalk stil og hete kjendisklær. Kule kjoler og festklær. Sender til Norge. Bambina. Klær for babyer og barn. Babyutstyr, barnemøbler og leker. Produkter til gravide og mødre. Bestseller. Selger klær og tilbehør fra en rekke merkevarer som Vero Moda, Mamalicious, Outfitters Nation og mange flere. Bik. Bok. Moteklær for trendy jenter. Nye produkter hver eneste uke. Stort utvalg av alle slags klær. Björn Borg. Offisiell nettbutikk for Björn Borg. Selger undertøy, klær, sko og vesker. For menn, kvinner og barn. Gratis frakt. Boden. Rask voksende britisk motebutikk som har stor suksess. Sender billig og raskt til Norge! Boohoo. com. Tusenvis av klesstiler for kvinner og menn. Enormt utvalg av klær i ulike prisklasser. Billig frakt til Norge! Boozt. Motebutikk som er en av de ledende nettbutikkene for klær, sko og tilbehør. Rask levering og topp service! Brandsdal. no. Moderne og gode klær og sko – til en fornuftig pris. For aktive voksne som ønsker bra klær til fornuftig pris. Brazfit. no. For aktive, sporty jenter/kvinner som vil ha unike og sporty treningsklær som også kan brukes som moteplagg. BRING Sportswear. Fantastiske og sporty kl. Bubbleroom. Moteklær for kvinner og menn. Stort utvalg av ulike merker. Alltid noe nytt. Mange kampanjer! Cameo. Dette er supermodellen Pernille Holmboes nye online klesmerke Cameo. Her finner du godt utvalg av nøkkelplagg. Castaluna. Moteklær for kvinner og menn i store størrelser. Fra størrelse 4. 4 og oppover. Cellbes. Rimelige klær for kvinner, menn og ungdommer. Stort utvalg av sko, accessories og ting til hjemmet. Clever. Moda. Selger undertøy for menn. Boxere, brief og tank top. Gratis frakt! Coco Fashion. Mote fra Asia som k- pop, japansk og taiwansk. Klær, sko og vesker. Gratis frakt til Norge! Cubus. En av Nordens største klesskjeder med trendy design og god kvalitet til fornuftige priser til barn, dame og herrer. Didriksons. Regntøy og friluftklær for kvinner, menn og barn. Hele sortimentet til testvinneren Didriksons. Fri frakt! Dress- for- less. Dress- for- less tilbyr klær fra merker som D& G, TOMMY HILFIGER og DKNY - med opptil 7. Sender til Norge. Ellos. Tilbud på dameklær, herreklær og barneklær. Har også hus & hjem produkter, spill og mye mer. Ofte kampanjetilbud! Familiebutikken. Merkeklær til barn og voksne. Merker som Ulvang og Swix. Ofte store tilbudskampanjer! Farfetch. Handle online i over 2. Sender til Norge. Fjällräven Shop Nettbutikken tilbyr hele kolleksjonen til Fjällräven. Eksklusivt friluftsmerke og motemerke. Gratis frakt. Gant. Offisiel butikk fra Gant med klær til kvinner, herrer og barn. Gratis frakt og retur. Gasello. Selger undertøy fra over 3. Gratis frakt for bestilling over 5. Halens. Kjøp klær og mote for dame, herre og barn billig hos denne nettbutikken. Stort utvalg. Illusion. Illusion. no er stedet hvor mange av Norges jenter kjøper alt fra klær til sminke. Imso. Bredt utvalg av trendy merkevarer og produkter til en rimelig pris. Klær, sko og tilbehør. Indiska. no. Selger mote, innredning og tilbehør med et moderne og unikt preg med inspirasjon fra India. In. Wear. In. Wear designer moteklær for kvinner som er enkelt å style og passer i enhver garderobe. Jack& Jones. Tilbyr et bredt utvalg av klær, tilbehør og fottøy til enhver mann og enhver anledning. Sjekk utvalget og prisene! Jades. 24. JADES2. Glamour- og Star- Style à la Hollywood. Sender til Norge. Jollyroom. Baby og barnebutikk som har stort utvlag av klær og utstyr. JUNAROSEKlær til størrelse 4. Motemerke som tilbyr de siste trendene og perfekt passform for den unge, trendy kvinne. Kvinnemote. no. Fører utsøkt, klassisk, trendy & feminin mote laget av kvalitetsmaterialer med pent snitt & god passform. Har Trinny & Susannah merket! La Redoute. Selger klær og sko til damer, herrer og barn. Selger også tekstiler til seng, bad, gardiner, puter, møbeltrekk og mye mer. Lightinthebox. Populær kinesisk nettbutikk med norsk tekst. Stort utvalg av dame og herreklær og mye annet. Lingeributikken. Delikat undertøy for kvinner. Selger også kjoler, sko og vesker. Ludo Store. Kvalitetsprodukter til en billig penge. Alt til hjemmet, klær og mye mye mer. Ofte store rabatter! Mamalicious. Kler opp kommende mødre og nybakte mammaer, uansett anledning og alltid med stil. Med andre ord gravidklær og mammaklær. Maximum. Selger klær til damer, herrer, og barn. Mange kjente merker. Også interiør til hjemmet. Members. Shoppingklubb som selger eksklusive produkter til redusert pris. Stikkord eksklusivitet, bredde og prisbevisthet. Merk Alt. Selger merkelapper, navnelapper og klistremerker for merking. Løsner ikke i vask. Miinto. Alt innenfor moteklær, fra herreklær, dameklær og barneklær til accessories. Mange merker. Miss Selfridge. Mote fra London. Individuell, leken og romantisk stil. Flott motebutikk med fantastisk utvalg. Sender til Norge! HIM. no. Motebutikk med fokus på klær for han og henne. Har accessories og sko. Mange ulike merker. Motehus. no. Moteklær for kvinner og menn til lav pris. Motesalg. Mye mote for pengene - Lave priser og Rask levering! Fast frakt kun 4. MQMQ etablert seg som Sveriges fremste mote og varemerkekjede. Nå kommet til Norge! Klær fra en rekke merker! Mudy. no. Ung og trendy motebutikk for jenter og kvinner. Stort utvalg, rask levering og ofte gode tilbud. My Wardrobe. Tilbyr klær fra store designere som Burberry Brit, Marc by Marc Jacobs og Vivienne Westwood Red Label. NA- KDSelger klær og mote fra sitt eget merke og over 1. Alltid gratis frakt og fri retur til Norge. New Look. Gigantisk kleskjede med over 1. Klær til han, henne, barn og babyer. NLY Man. Klær for motebevisste menn. Over 3. 50 merker til lave priser. Rask levering og gratis frakt. Noella Fashion. Motebutikk med klær for den moderne kvinnen som liker å lage en personlig stil. NVRNKDTrendy kvalitetsplagg for kvinner fra kule merker til en god pris. Alltid noe nytt. Oakley. Klær og solbriller fra Oakleys egen nettbutikk. Nå med norsk versjon, dog med engelsk tekst. OMG Fashion. Flotte klær for unge mennesker opptil 3. Sender til Norge. Billig frakt! Out. North. Nettbutikk med hovedvekt på klær og produkter til tur og fritid. Skandinaviske klesmerker. Masse gode tilbud! Patriotisk. Selger klær og ting med det norske flagget på. Til damer og herrer. Pynt. Meg. no. I denne nettbutikken finner du klær, vesker, sko, smykker og tilbehør. Betal med Paypal eller faktura. Rebecca Stella. Varemerket selger kjoler, undertøy, badetøy og en egen makeup kolleksjon. Ricco Vero. Her selges klær til mann og dame. Klær fra Kristian Aadnevik. Medlemsklubb. Riff Raff. Rockeinspirerte klær til herrer, kvinner, barn og baby. Rockdenim. no. Rockdenim. Norge. 5. 0 ulike merker! Rosegal. Rosegal tilbyr spennende mote og tilbehør fra flere sjangere til kvinner og menn. Gratis frakt til Norge! Spreadshirt. Selger t- shirts og gensere for damer, herrer og barn. Design din egen! Stayhard. Merkeklær for menn med et stort utvalg på over 1. Ofte store kampanjer! Stutterheim Raincoats. Fantastiske regnkåper, regnjakker og annet tilbehør for regnfulle dager. Gratis frakt! Superdry. Populært merke med egen nettbutikk. Herre og dameklær. Gratis frakt til Norge! Superkul. Klær, sko og ikke minst kostymer til karneval og halloween. Mange andre produkter. Tailor Store. Designe dine egne klær her! De har skjorter, piqueskjorter, chinos, undertøy, slips, sokker, mansjettknapper og gavekort. The Hut. Stor klesavdeling med kjente merker for kvinner og menn. Billig frakt til Norge! Timarco. Kjempestort utvalg av merkeundertøy og sports- bh. Outlet med spesielt gode tilbud. Underverker. Finn din favoritt BH blant et stort utvalg av merker. Gratis retur hvis det ikke passer! Urban Oufitters. Kule klær for kvinner og menn. Enormt utvalg av merker. Mulighet for gratis frakt til Norge. VERO MODAVERO MODAs hovedformål er å overføre trendene fra catwalk til butikk med overkommelige priser. Wakakuu. Selger klær fra over 8. Acne, MMichael Kors og Rag & Bone. Wool. Land. no. Ullklær til baby, barn og voksne. Norsk design og klær med bra egenskaper. Y. A. STilbyr hverdagsklær, festantrekk, mykt undertøy og sportsklær, og gir kvinner mulighet til å uttrykke sin egen stil. Yoox. Tilbyr mote for kvinner, design og kunst. Klær fra ulike designere i små kolleksjoner. Zaful. Zaful. com tilbyr mote- og sportsklær med tilbehør til den moderne kvinne og mann. Gratis frakt til Norge. Zalando. Stort utvalg av sko og merkeklær til kvinner, menn og barn. Gratis frakt og retur! Kidney failure - Wikipedia. Kidney failure, also known as renal failure or renal insufficiency, is a medical condition of impaired kidney function in which the kidneys fail to adequately filtermetabolic wastes from the blood.[1] The two main forms are acute kidney injury, which is often reversible with adequate treatment, and chronic kidney disease, which is often not reversible. In both cases, there is usually an underlying cause. Kidney failure is mainly determined by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate, which is the rate at which blood is filtered in the glomeruli of the kidney. ![]() Find out about the main symptoms of chronic kidney disease. Young carers; All care and support. This stage of CKD is known as kidney failure. Kidney failure, also known as renal failure or renal insufficiency, is a medical condition of impaired kidney function in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter. Read about chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages (4, 3, 2, and 1), symptoms, diet, treatment, signs, and diagnosis. Chronic kidney disease causes include diseases of. · The particular explanation, Er doctors might acids to keep your symptoms of kidney disease in young adults gallstones. Now take the gallbladder is located. Symptoms of Kidney Failure;. Your Teenager and Chronic Kidney Disease. The two most frequent causes for adults to develop CKD are hypertension and diabetes. · Causes of Kidney Failure in Young Adults. especially in children and young adults. Polycystic Kidney. progress to end-stage when the symptoms. Chronic kidney disease — Learn about kidney failure. Symptoms and causes. Rosenberg M. Overview of the management of chronic kidney disease in adults. http. What are the causes of kidney disease in children? one cause of kidney failure in adults. salt and fluid levels in the body to ease symptoms and prevent. Understand the risk factors for chronic kidney disease, determine whether you are at increased risk, and learn how to identify possible symptoms. The condition is detected by a decrease in or absence of urine production or determination of waste products (creatinine or urea) in the blood. Depending on the cause, hematuria (blood loss in the urine) and proteinuria (protein loss in the urine) may be noted. In kidney failure, there may be problems with increased fluid in the body (leading to swelling), increased acid levels, raised levels of potassium, decreased levels of calcium, increased levels of phosphate, and in later stages anemia. Bone health may also be affected. Long- term kidney problems are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.[2]Classification[edit]Kidney failure can be divided into two categories: acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease. The type of renal failure is differentiated by the trend in the serum creatinine; other factors that may help differentiate acute kidney injury from chronic kidney disease include anemia and the kidney size on sonography as chronic kidney disease generally leads to anemia and small kidney size. Acute kidney injury[edit]Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF),[3][4] is a rapidly progressive loss of renal function,[5] generally characterized by oliguria (decreased urine production, quantified as less than 4. L per day in adults,[6] less than 0. L/kg/h in children or less than 1 m. L/kg/h in infants); and fluid and electrolyte imbalance. AKI can result from a variety of causes, generally classified as prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal. Symptoms of Kidney failure including 13 medical symptoms and signs of Kidney failure, alternative diagnoses, misdiagnosis, and correct diagnosis for Kidney failure.The underlying cause must be identified and treated to arrest the progress, and dialysis may be necessary to bridge the time gap required for treating these fundamental causes. Chronic kidney disease[edit]Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can also develop slowly and, initially, show few symptoms.[7] CKD can be the long term consequence of irreversible acute disease or part of a disease progression. Acute- on- chronic kidney failure[edit]Acute kidney injuries can be present on top of chronic kidney disease, a condition called acute- on- chronic kidney failure (Ao. CRF). The acute part of Ao. CRF may be reversible, and the goal of treatment, as with AKI, is to return the patient to baseline kidney function, typically measured by serum creatinine. Like AKI, Ao. CRF can be difficult to distinguish from chronic kidney disease if the patient has not been monitored by a physician and no baseline (i. Signs and symptoms[edit]Symptoms can vary from person to person. Someone in early stage kidney disease may not feel sick or notice symptoms as they occur. When kidneys fail to filter properly, waste accumulates in the blood and the body, a condition called azotemia. Very low levels of azotaemia may produce few, if any, symptoms. If the disease progresses, symptoms become noticeable (if the failure is of sufficient degree to cause symptoms). Kidney failure accompanied by noticeable symptoms is termed uraemia.[8]Symptoms of kidney failure include the following: [8][9][1. High levels of urea in the blood, which can result in. Vomiting or diarrhea (or both) which may lead to dehydration. Nausea. Weight loss. Nocturnal urination. More frequent urination, or in greater amounts than usual, with pale urine. Less frequent urination, or in smaller amounts than usual, with dark coloured urine. Blood in the urine. Pressure, or difficulty urinating. Unusual amounts of urination, usually in large quantities. A buildup of phosphates in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out may cause. A buildup of potassium in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out (called hyperkalemia) may cause. Abnormal heart rhythms. Muscle paralysis[1. Failure of kidneys to remove excess fluid may cause. Swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, face, or hands. Shortness of breath due to extra fluid on the lungs (may also be caused by anemia)Polycystic kidney disease, which causes large, fluid- filled cysts on the kidneys and sometimes the liver, can cause. Healthy kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to make oxygen- carrying red blood cells. As the kidneys fail, they produce less erythropoietin, resulting in decreased production of red blood cells to replace the natural breakdown of old red blood cells. As a result, the blood carries less hemoglobin, a condition known as anemia. This can result in. Feeling tired or weak. Memory problems. Difficulty concentrating. Dizziness. Low blood pressure. Normally, proteins are too large to pass through the kidneys, however, they are able to pass through when the glomeruli are damaged. This does not cause symptoms until extensive kidney damage has occurred,[1. Foamy or bubbly urine. Swelling in the hands, feet, abdomen, or face. Other symptoms include. Acute kidney injury[edit]Acute kidney injury (previously known as acute renal failure) – or AKI – usually occurs when the blood supply to the kidneys is suddenly interrupted or when the kidneys become overloaded with toxins. Causes of acute kidney injury include accidents, injuries, or complications from surgeries in which the kidneys are deprived of normal blood flow for extended periods of time. Heart- bypass surgery is an example of one such procedure. Drug overdoses, accidental or from chemical overloads of drugs such as antibiotics or chemotherapy, may also cause the onset of acute kidney injury. Unlike chronic kidney disease, however, the kidneys can often recover from acute kidney injury, allowing the patient to resume a normal life. People suffering from acute kidney injury require supportive treatment until their kidneys recover function, and they often remain at increased risk of developing future kidney failure.[1. Among the accidental causes of renal failure is the crush syndrome, when large amounts of toxins are suddenly released in the blood circulation after a long compressed limb is suddenly relieved from the pressure obstructing the blood flow through its tissues, causing ischemia. The resulting overload can lead to the clogging and the destruction of the kidneys. It is a reperfusion injury that appears after the release of the crushing pressure. The mechanism is believed to be the release into the bloodstream of muscle breakdown products – notably myoglobin, potassium, and phosphorus – that are the products of rhabdomyolysis (the breakdown of skeletal muscle damaged by ischemic conditions). The specific action on the kidneys is not fully understood, but may be due in part to nephrotoxicmetabolites of myoglobin. Chronic kidney disease[edit]Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has numerous causes. The most common causes of CKD are diabetes mellitus and long- term, uncontrolled hypertension.[1. Polycystic kidney disease is another well- known cause of CKD. The majority of people afflicted with polycystic kidney disease have a family history of the disease. Other genetic illnesses affect kidney function, as well. Overuse of common drugs such as ibuprofen, and acetaminophen (paracetamol) can also cause chronic kidney disease.[1. Some infectious disease agents, such as hantavirus, can attack the kidneys, causing kidney failure.[1. Genetic predisposition[edit]The APOL1 gene has been proposed as a major genetic risk locus for a spectrum of nondiabetic renal failure in individuals of African origin, these include HIV- associated nephropathy (HIVAN), primary nonmonogenic forms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and hypertension affiliated chronic kidney disease not attributed to other etiologies.[1. Two western African variants in APOL1 have been shown to be associated with end stage kidney disease in African Americans and Hispanic Americans.[2. Diagnostic approach[edit]Measurement for CKD[edit]Stages of kidney failure. Chronic kidney failure is measured in five stages, which are calculated using a patient’s GFR, or glomerular filtration rate. Stage 1 CKD is mildly diminished renal function, with few overt symptoms. Stages 2 and 3 need increasing levels of supportive care from their medical providers to slow and treat their renal dysfunction. Patients in stages 4 and 5 usually require preparation of the patient towards active treatment in order to survive. Stage 5 CKD is considered a severe illness and requires some form of renal replacement therapy (dialysis) or kidney transplant whenever feasible. Glomerular filtration rate. A normal GFR varies according to many factors, including sex, age, body size and ethnic background. Renal professionals consider the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to be the best overall index of kidney function.[2. The National Kidney Foundation offers an easy to use on- line GFR calculator[2. A serum creatinine level, a simple blood test, is needed to use the calculator.)Use of the term uremia[edit]Before the advancement of modern medicine, renal failure was often referred to as uremic poisoning. Uremia was the term for the contamination of the blood with urine. It is the presence of an excessive amount of urea in blood. Starting around 1. The term uremia is now used for the illness accompanying kidney failure.[2. Treatment[edit]A whole food, plant- based diet may help some people with kidney disease.[2. A high protein diet from either animal or plant sources appears to have negative effects on kidney function at least in the short term.[2. References[edit]^Medline Plus (2. Kidney Failure". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 1 January 2. Kidney Disease Symptoms. You might not notice any problems if you have chronic kidney disease that’s in the early stages. Most people don’t have symptoms at that point. That’s dangerous, because the damage can happen without you realizing it. If your chronic kidney disease is already more advanced, you may: Be vomiting or often feel like you’re going to. Pee more often than normal, or less often. See “foam” in your pee. Have swelling, particularly of the ankles, and puffiness around the eyes. Feel tired or short of breath all the time. Not feel like eating. Not be able to taste much. Have muscle cramps, especially in your legs. Have very dry, itchy skin. Sleep poorly. Lose weight for no obvious reason. A child with chronic kidney disease may also feel worn out and sleepier than usual, have less appetite than normal, and not be growing as expected. Make an appointment if you notice any of the symptoms listed above. There could be other possible causes, but you’ll need to see your doctor to find out what the problem is and what treatment you need. If you’re at risk - - you have high blood pressure or diabetes, or if kidney disease runs in your family, for instance - - ask your doctor how often you’ll need to get tested. It’s very important to do this so your kidneys can work as well as possible. Sources. SOURCES: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease: “What Is Chronic Kidney Disease?” and “Testing for Kidney Disease.”American Kidney Fund: “Chronic Kidney Disease.”National Kidney Foundation.© 2. Web. MD, LLC. 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